What is a paper capacitor?
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What is a paper capacitor?

　　Paper capacitor is one of the basic types of capacitors. Typically, in a capacitor, the conducting materials are separated by a dielectric, and based on the variant used as the dielectric, different types of capacitors are formed. The structure of paper capacitor is similar to other capacitors, such as plastic capacitors. The only difference between the other capacitors and paper capacitors is that the dielectric chosen is paper. Paper capacitors are also called fixed capacitors, in which paper is used as a dielectric, which stores energy in the form of an electric field.　　Paper capacitor is used in capacitance values of 1nF to 1uF at power line frequencies and it stores a fixed amount of charge. To care for or protect the dielectric from the environment, dip it in wax or oil.　　Paper capacitance value     The capacitance of paper capacitor is measured in farads. The capacitance of paper capacitor ranges from 0.001 to 2.000 microfarads to the high voltage range of 2000V. In the beginning of this capacitor, paper was used as the dielectric between two aluminum sheets but now other materials like plastic are used instead of paper. Paper capacitor is readily available in the 300 picofarad to 4 microfarad range and operates at 600 volts.　　How paper capacitors work?　　Paper capacitors consist of two metal plates with paper used as the dielectric material between them. There are positive and negative plates in it and when a charge is applied to the plate, the positive plate is attracted to one side and the negative charge is attracted to the other plate. This electrical energy is stored in the form of an electric field, and this collected electrical energy is used by discharging the capacitor. These range from 500pF to 50nF. This results in high leakage current.　　Structure of paper capacitor    There are two types of paper capacitors: paper capacitors and metallized paper capacitors.　　Paper Capacitor　　The construction of this capacitor requires two sheets of aluminum and a piece of paper, which is completely covered with wax to protect it from the elements. A paper capacitor is a fixed capacitor that stores a fixed amount of charge at a fixed value of charge capacitance, with aluminum plates placed between sheets of paper that act as dielectrics, while aluminum acts as electrodes.　　Paper is a very poor conductor of electricity, not allowing electric current to pass between the aluminum sheets, but allowing electric fields to pass through it, acting as a barrier to the flow of electricity. The paper and aluminum sheets are rotated into a cylinder shape, and the entire cylinder is coated with wax or plastic resin to protect it from the humidity of the outside air, and two wires are led from the ends of the two aluminum sheets.　　Metallized paper capacitor　　In metalized paper capacitor, the paper is coated with a thin layer of zinc or aluminum and rotated in the form of a cylinder. The entire cylinder is completely coated with wax to protect it from dust and moisture in the external environment, with metal paper electrodes and paper acting as dielectrics.　　Such zinc-coated capacitors are easily destroyed due to chemical effects, which is why aluminum is widely used in the manufacture of such capacitors. Compared with paper capacitors and metal paper capacitors, metal paper capacitors are smaller in size. This is because it has a very thin layer of aluminum compared to the aluminum wrapped in a paper capacitor.　　Advantages and disadvantages of paper capacitor    The main advantage of using paper capacitor is that it provides a fixed capacitance value, and the capacitance value during their production can be determined; the main disadvantage of paper capacitor is that they absorb moisture from the atmosphere and reduce the insulation resistance of the dielectric. The dielectric affects it because it absorbs moisture from the atmosphere.　　Applications of Paper Capacitor　　Electrical and electronic circuits　　High voltage and high current applications　　Used as a sensor to measure air humidity, fuel level and mechanical stress　　Used for car audio systems to add extra power to amplifiers as needed　　Used in electronic noise filtering, signal coupling and decoupling systems, remote sensing　　Used in signal processing systems such as speakers, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), tuning circuits, radio receivers and analog equalizers　　Conclusion     The above is an introduction to paper capacitors. If you want to determine the quality of a capacitor, all you need is a wide-range digital multimeter and any type of capacitor in your device. Connect the multimeter leads to both ends of the capacitor plate. Connect the red lead of the multimeter to the positive plate of the capacitor and the black lead to the negative plate.　　If the meter reading starts at zero and gradually increases to infinity, the capacitor is good. Therefore, a capacitor can be checked with a digital and analog multimeter to determine if it is good, bad, open, or short.
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Release time：2023-10-09 11:25 reading：1068 Continue reading>>
Ameya360:Powering E-<span style='color:red'>Paper</span> Displays with NFC Energy Harvesting
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Ameya360:Powering E-Paper Displays with NFC Energy Harvesting

　　Based on innovative technology, e-paper displays offer significant advantages over traditional displays. Thanks to their unique characteristics, it is not necessary to continuously power the screen; it is sufficient to supply energy when the content of the displayed page is modified. In this way, significant energy savings are obtained, which, in battery-powered applications, translates into greater autonomy.　　Additionally, because power consumption is very low, e-paper displays can be powered through energy-harvesting solutions—for example, by converting the RF energy produced by a near-field communication (NFC) transceiver into electricity. Hence, by combining printed e-paper displays with NFC technology, a new range of battery-less products is enabled.　　In this article, we’ll provide a practical implementation guide on how NFC can be used to power Ynvisible’s e-paper displays.　　Ynvisible e-paper displays　　Ynvisible displays are based on an e-paper technology called Electrochromic Display (ECD), which uses organic electrochromic polymers. Unlike other display technologies that emit light, Ynvisible e-paper devices are categorized as reflective displays, meaning they reflect the ambient light instead of using a backlight. The displays are produced on inexpensive plastic (PET) substrates, making the displays thin and flexible.　　These printed e-paper displays achieve very low power consumption. One square centimeter of active display area requires about 1 mJ to be activated, while the recommended driving voltage is ±1.5 V. That allows Ynvisible’s e-paper displays to achieve the lowest energy consumption on the market for most use cases.　　Additionally, the displays include an image memory (or image retention), which is a crucial component for applications that don’t require batteries. The average image retention duration for Ynvisible’s standard displays is between five and 15 minutes. A brief refresh pulse may be necessary to retain full contrast after this time period, depending on the use case. The displays are manufactured using roll-to-roll screen-printing and lamination processes. They are non-toxic, ITO-free, and mainly comprised of PET plastic. The plastic substrate and roll-to-roll production means thin, flexible, scalable, and highly cost-effective displays.　　Ynvisible also offers a segment e-paper display kit, which allows customers to evaluate the ultra-low–power, thin, and flexible segment e-paper displays. Each e-paper display kit (see below figure) comes with different display designs and includes an e-paper display driver with I2C interface with related user manual.　　Harvesting NFC RF power　　NFC is a short-range data-exchange technology for electronic devices. An inductive pair between two antennas serves as the basis for the communication. NFC does not require that one of the two communicating devices has built-in power, in contrast to many other communication interfaces. Instead, the power transmitted by an NFC reader/writer (such as a smartphone) is harvested to generate power. Contactless payments are NFC’s most typical use case.　　To power an Ynvisible e-paper display with energy harvested from an NFC signal, an antenna and a rectifier diode are required. The power from the antenna will be transferred to the display by inductive coupling between the transceiver and the antenna itself. The signal needs to be rectified with a diode because the display requires direct current. If the display content is intended to fade off quickly after activation, the rectifying diode can be connected in parallel with the display.　　However, if the application requires communicating some data, such as reading an identification code (RFID) or writing data to the device, an NFC chip would be necessary. These chips come in a wide variety of models and vendors, and they each have unique features.　　They fall into three categories:　　1.NFC data storage chips. The transceiver can read and/or write data to the chip　　2.NFC data storage ICs with I2C communication and power output (energy harvesting). These chips can be used to power and/or communicate with an MCU over NFC.　　3.NFC chips with embedded processor. These chips can be thought of as MCUs with NFC capability, which means they have all of the standard MCU functionalities, plus the potential to be powered and/or communicated with via NFC.　　Each of the above IC groups requires a different connection scheme to the display. The following are the most common approaches adopted for implementing the display connection:　　1.Connect in parallel with NFC chip. Following this approach, the NFC chip and the display are connected in parallel. The IC and the display are not directly connected, while the NFC signal powers both the chip and the display. In this scenario, the display will turn on regardless of the transmitted data.　　2.Power output of the NFC chip. If the chip belongs to the second group, the display can be connected directly to the chip’s power output. Similarly to the previous case, the display will turn on regardless of the transmitted data.　　3.MCU in between the NFC chip and the display. Using a host controller in between the chip and the MCU is another method applicable to the second group of chips. Due to the MCU’s ability to read the data from the NFC chip, conditional display driving is made possible. If the user has the authority to read the label, this could be handy when the display needs to be turned on.　　4.Use built-in GPIOs to control the display. This approach is similar to the previous one, but because the MCU capabilities are embedded into the Category 3 NFC chips, no intermediate host controller is needed.　　The power of NFC　　NFC has the potential to replace batteries as the main power source in many applications. From a cost, sustainability, and recyclability perspective, batteries often limit the adoption of electronics and printed intelligence in new applications. Target markets for Ynvisible, its partners, and clients include those for medical technology, smart packaging, smart cards, brand protection, and security gadgets.　　The platform obtained combining NFC and e-paper display technologies can help to create the future of intelligent items, sensors, and other printed electronics.
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Release time：2023-02-24 15:56 reading：1787 Continue reading>>
<span style='color:red'>Paper</span> biomass to build lithium-sulfur batteries
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Paper biomass to build lithium-sulfur batteries

　　Researchers at Rensselaer have developed a patented method to use cheap and abundant paper biomass to make lithium-sulfur batteries.　　A major by-product in the papermaking industry is lignosulfonate – a sulfonated carbon waste material, which is typically combusted on site, releasing CO2 into the atmosphere after sulfur has been captured for reuse.　　Using this cheap and abundant paper biomass, a team of researchers from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute said they can build a rechargeable lithium-sulfur battery.　　The team believe this could be used to power big data centres and provide a more affordable energy-storage option for microgrids and the electric grid.　　“Our research demonstrates the potential of using industrial paper-mill by-products to design sustainable, low-cost electrode materials for lithium-sulfur batteries,” said Trevor Simmons of Rensselaer.　　Sulfur is nonconductive, but when combined with carbon at elevated temperatures this changes, allowing it to be used in battery technologies. The challenge is that sulfur can easily dissolve into a battery’s electrolyte, causing the electrodes on either side to deteriorate after only a few cycles.　　The team explain that, so far, researchers have used different forms of carbon, like nanotubes and complex carbon foams, to confine the sulfur in place, but with limited success. “Our method provides a simple way to create an optimal sulfur-based cathode from a single raw material,” Simmons said.　　To develop their method, the Rensselaer researchers partnered with Finch Paper in Glens Falls, which provided the lignosulfonate. This ‘brown liquor’ was dried and heated to about 700°Cin a quartz tube furnace.　　The high heat drives off most of the sulfur gas, the team explained, but retains some of the sulfur as polysulfides that are embedded deep within an activated carbon matrix.　　The team repeated this process until the right amount of sulfur was trapped in the carbon matrix. The researchers then ground the material and mixed it with an inert polymer binder to create a cathode coating on aluminium foil.　　The research team said it has managed to create a lithium-sulfur battery prototype that is the size of a watch battery, which can cycle about 200 times. The next step is to scale up the prototype to markedly increase the discharge rate and the battery’s cycle life.
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Release time：2018-04-17 00:00 reading：1165 Continue reading>>
<span style='color:red'>Paper</span> or Plastic? Both Are in MEMS’ Future
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Paper or Plastic? Both Are in MEMS’ Future

　　How do you accurately forecast the future of microelectromechanical system (MEMS) technology — the fastest growing semiconductor segment, according to global industry association SEMI? By tracing the devices’ history, then surveying the top 500 most innovative scholarly articles on MEMS, Alissa Fitzgerald, founder of MEMS design and development house A.M. Fitzgerald and Associates LLC, told an audience here at SEMI’s MEMS & Sensors Executive Congress.　　“The next billion-dollar product is lurking in that university literature,” Fitzgerald said. The 2017 crop of academic papers reveals work on passive and near-zero-power sensors, as well as plastic- and paper-substrate alternatives to costly silicon for consumer and one-use, disposable specialty products.　　A.M. Fitzgerald already has a bead on the future of MEMS, having worked to bring novel academic and entrepreneurial ideas to fruition at small MEMS fabs, such as Rogue Valley Microdevices, which uses both commercial silicon and SOI wafers from Soitec.　　In her conference talk, Fitzgerald traced MEMS technology’s roots to the development of alkaline-etched 3-D force sensors of the 1980s, which led to Kurt Petersen’s invention of pressure sensors based on bulk-silicon-micromachining technology. The pressure sensors enabled inkjet nozzles, which led to digital light processing (DLP) MEMS and then to the first use of an accelerometer (from Analog Devices Inc.) to trigger airbags faster than old-school, ball-in-tube mechanical tripwires.　　“From there, a whole new era began with Bosch’s DRI [deep-reactive ion etching] process, which enabled the world’s first MEMS gyroscope. FBARs [thin-film bulk acoustic resonators] and the wide use of MEMS piezoelectric and aluminum nitride films also enabled the wide range of MEMS devices we have today,” said Fitzgerald. Another important invention was “precision-aligned eutectic bonding, which enabled InvenSense to wafer bond MEMS chips with its own ASICs for automatic hermitic sealing, eliminating the need for an extra capping step.”　　According to Fitzgerald, in the early days the major players, such as ADI and Bosch, fulfilled the needs of more than 50% of the market, leaving the 400 small companies to split up the leftovers. But with the popularization of the smartphone, a massive consumer market has grown those 400 little guys into the dominant position.　　So where did all these consumer market ideas come from? Fitzgerald traces them largely to the academic community which “nurses them along in university labs” as solutions looking for a problem. A.M. Fitzgerald and others design and develop the academics’ ideas into marketable products that fuel the current worldwide trillion dollar consumer markets.　　Looking ahead then boils down to finding out what the university labs are incubating, Fitzgerald said. “By scanning through the top 500 papers in 2017, which we filtered for commercial viability, we can predict the technologies that will be worldwide game changers.”　　Future of MEMS　　According to Fitzgerald, the first game changers will come from novel uses of FBAR and surface-acoustic-wave (SAW) sensors.　　Today, FBAR and SAW technologies are mainly used for RF filters. “But the literature reveals that they can also be used for producing passive sensors that do not require a battery but can still wake up a processor when a certain parameter has been achieved,” Fitzgerald said. The sensors can provide highly accurate detection of temperature extremes but also can be functionalized for pressure limits and even the detection of specific gases.　　“These passive sensors are perfect for harsh environments where you do not or cannot change batteries and yet provide high performance with zero standby power consumption,” she said.　　A further look at the 2017 MEMS literature turned up near-zero-power devices, sometimes called “event driven” sensors. These are similar to passive devices but use very small, microamp power supplies providing less than 1 picowatt in standby mode. When they sense the signature of a specific event, they flip on to alert an application processor.　　“For instance, Northeastern University has shown that near-zero power IR sensors can be made wavelength sensitive and can wake up a processor in an IoT [Internet of Things] device or security sentinel. Even when used in large arrays, they can nevertheless use small energy-harvesting techniques for their standby power source,” Fitzgerald said.　　Other nouveau MEMS devices use piezoelectric materials not just for energy harvesting, as today, but also to enable applications such as wide-range microspeakers, magnetometers, and even transformers, none of which would require licensing Bosch’s effective but expensive DRI process.　　“The consumer market is ripe for cheap devices and IoTs that are practically disposable by virtue of being scalable for mass production,” said Fitzgerald.　　In that same vein, MEMS researchers are working with alternatives to expensive silicon. In 2004, Fitzgerald said, 90% of the world’s MEMS devices were fabricated with bulk silicon or on the surface of silicon substrates, but as many as half of the next-generation devices described in the literature would be built on plastic or even paper substrates. “Paper-based technologies are increasingly replacing expensive, billion-dollar silicon fabs, especially for disposable applications using sensors that cost less than a penny each,” she said. The resultant devices are not as fast or precise as silicon builds, but their performance suffices for ephemeral consumer products or single-use applications.　　For example, paper sensors could be made that would detect specific types of bacteria. Such devices could reduce the need for broad-spectrum antibiotics, which are enabling the evolution of superbugs. Likewise, paper food packaging could embed paper-substrate devices that would tell the user whether an item has in fact spoiled, replacing today’s imprecise “use by” date stamps.　　“In the 2020s, were are going to see a new range of piezoelectric event-driven sensors, and in the 2030s we will see important growth in paper- and plastic-based sensors,” said Fitzgerald.　　Silicon will still be relevant for CMOS-plus-sensor designs with built-in readouts, she said. but “silicon technology is at risk of stagnation, as research efforts into using it are slowing down in favor of cheaper paper devices.”
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Release time：2017-11-07 00:00 reading：1573 Continue reading>>
<span style='color:red'>Paper</span> based supercapacitor could power wearables
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Paper based supercapacitor could power wearables

　　Using a simple layer-by-layer coating technique, researchers from Georgia Tech and Korea University have developed a paper-based flexible supercapacitor that could be used to help power wearable devices. The device uses metallic nanoparticles to coat cellulose fibres in the paper, creating supercapacitor electrodes with high energy and power densities – and the best performance so far in a textile-based supercapacitor.　　“This type of flexible energy storage device could provide unique opportunities for connectivity among wearable and internet of things devices,” said Seung Woo Lee, an assistant professor at Georgia Tech. “We also have an opportunity to combine this supercapacitor with energy-harvesting devices that could power biomedical sensors, consumer and military electronics and similar applications.”　　The process uses an amine surfactant to bind gold nanoparticles to the paper. Using a repeating process, the researchers created a conductive paper on which alternating layers of metal oxide energy storage materials were added.　　“It’s basically a very simple process,” Lee said. “We can fold the resulting metallised paper and otherwise flex it without damage to the conductivity.”　　The self-assembly technique is said to improve several aspects of paper supercapacitors, including areal performance. The maximum power and energy density of the metallic paper-based supercapacitor is estimated to be 15.1mW/cm 2 and 267.3μWh/cm2 – said to be better than conventional paper or textile supercapacitors.　　The next steps will include testing the technique on flexible fabrics and developing flexible batteries that could work with the supercapacitors. “We have nanoscale control over the coating applied to the paper,” Lee added. “If we increase the number of layers, the performance continues to increase. And it’s all based on ordinary paper.”
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Release time：2017-10-16 00:00 reading：1237 Continue reading>>

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