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<span style='color:red'>NIST</span> Slashes Measurement Budgets

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NIST Slashes Measurement Budgets

The National Institute for Science & Technology (NIST) has requested drastic cuts in funding to its measurement activities for fiscal 2019. The budget includes a nearly 28% ($176 million to $127 million) cut to the agency's Fundamental Measurement, Quantum Science and Measurement Dissemination activities. The FY2019 budget includes the shutting down of time and frequency standard broadcasts from Ft. Collins, Colorado (WWV) and Kaua'i, Hawaii (WWVH). The two station broadcast time announcements, standard time intervals, standard frequencies, UT1 time corrections, a BCD time code, geophysical alerts, marine storm warnings, and Global Positioning System (GPS) status reports. WWVB, also from Colorado, does not appear to be affected. The station's reference signal is used by consumer devices such as clocks. WWV is the longest active broadcast station in the world, with its 100th anniversary coming on Oct. 1, 2019. WWV radio station in Ft. Collins, Colorado is slated to shut down in its 100thyear because of budget cuts. Source: NISTThe NIST stations broadcast time and frequency information over carriers at 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz, and 20 MHz. WWVH broadcasts on the same frequencies except for 20 MHz. Equipment uses these finely calibrated signals to assure accurate time and frequency. While many engineers have built electronic equipment — some for hobbyist kits — that relied on these signals, do we need them anymore given that we have time available online and through GPS? For example, your cell phone's time can be set by the network and you can use NIST's time and date page or Internet Time Service. The only advantage I can see is the radio-based time and frequency services aren’t dependent on the internet. All you need is a receiver. But then, it's so easy to add a GPS receiver to your equipment or design one yourself. The closing of WWV and WWVH will trim $6.3 million from the NIST budget. Another $3.5 million cut will come from the agency's "Lab to Market" activities, whose goal, according to NIST, is to accelerate technology transfer from federal laboratories to industry. NIST has not provided information on what percentage of the total budget that amount represents. EE Times contacted NIST for that information. NIST replied by saying "Ask your Congressman." That's just what I'll do. NIST did not provide information as to cuts to calibration services. Calibration services are paid for by those who request them.

Key word：

NIST

Release time：2018-08-23 00:00 reading：891 Continue reading>>

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DRAM price increase might be restrained by China’s Ministry of Commerce

Investigations are currently underway to determine whether or not there has been foul play among the top three memory manufacturers, after Samsung, SK Hynix and Micron were accused of fixing the prices of DRAM and NAND memory throughout 2017. This has prompted China’s Ministry of Commerce to step in and express concerns over the ever-rising prices of DRAM, potentially imposing a restriction.China has a rather large stake when it comes to importing memory product, with TrendForce reporting that the nation consumes 20 percent of the world’s DRAM and 25 percent of NAND. As China’s R&D plays catch up for the country to build its own domestic production, an increased focus has naturally been placed on the regulation of DRAM to enable fair competition in the market.While there has been no evidence made public from last year’s investigation conducted by China’s National Development and Reform Commission (NDRC) regarding memory price fixing, the whopping first quarter market share increase has put memory manufacturers in the country’s crosshairs, as the Anti-Monopoly Bureau of Ministry of Commerce held a meeting with Micron last week.China is keen to find answers in order to alleviate component cost pressure from Chinese PC OEMs, as well as getting to the bottom of the staggering 44.9%, 27.9%, and 22.6% increased shares across Samsung, SK Hynix and Micron respectively. A 96 percent increase suggests that the three hold an oligopoly in the DRAM market, which has led to some discussion of restraining price increases.All three companies are currently the target of a class action lawsuit in the United States, highlighting the sudden 47 percent spike in DRAM pricing in 2017 after a steadily sustained growth in the market between 2012 to 2016. Samsung and SK Hynix have tried to bolster their efforts with supply in order to meet demand with a combined £30 billion investment. Such a boost to the supply chain would eventually lead to prices coming back down, but it will be a while before we see the results.

Key word：

DRAM

Release time：2018-05-30 00:00 reading：964 Continue reading>>

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Trump says his push to save ZTE is part of a 'larger trade deal,' contradicting administration stance

President Donald Trump said Wednesday his reversal on Chinese company ZTE only relates to a "larger trade deal" his administration seeks with Beijing.Top Trump administration officials such as Commerce Secretary Wilbur Ross had tried to separate the president's push to boost the telecommunications company from trade talks with China. Ross this week called it an "enforcement" issue, not a trade dispute.Trump's public statements have muddled that message.In a series of tweets Wednesday morning, the president said "there has been no folding" on his pledges to crack down on Chinese trade practices. He said high-level meetings on the U.S.-China trade relationship "haven't even started yet."Trump also argued that the U.S. "has very little to give" in talks "because it has given so much over the years." He added: "China has much to give!"Last month, the Trump administration barred U.S. companies from selling to ZTE for seven years. The ban came in response to the company's shipping of American goods to Iran and North Korea in violation of sanctions. It effectively crippled ZTE.On Sunday, the president said he instructed his Commerce Department to find a way to help the telecommunications equipment maker "get back into business, fast." "Too many jobs" were lost in China, the president added.Senate Democrats accused Trump of abandoning his pledge to crack down on alleged trade abuses by China. One Senate Republican, Marco Rubio of Florida, also warned of national security risks and said he hoped "this isn't the beginning of backing down to China."Trump's concessions on ZTE come as the world's two largest economies undertake trade discussions to avoid a potential trade war. Reports have indicated Trump could ease up on ZTE in exchange for a Chinese pullback on tariffs that threaten to damage the U.S. agricultural industry.Top Chinese officials are in the U.S. this week for trade talks.

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Trade news

Release time：2018-05-17 00:00 reading：969 Continue reading>>

<span style='color:red'>NIST</span> Repurposes SQUIDs to Sniff Nukes, Solve Big Bang

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NIST Repurposes SQUIDs to Sniff Nukes, Solve Big Bang

　　Superconducting quantum interference devices (SQUIDs), based on superconducting loops containing supercooled Josephson junctions, enable the most sensitive magnetometers in use today. Now researchers at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and the University of Colorado, Boulder, are repurposing SQUIDs to yield microwave super-multiplexers capable of putting signals from up to 1,000 cryogenic microcalorimeters on a single coaxial cable.　　The researchers are looking to solve diverse problems, ranging from keeping nuclear materials out of terrorists’ hands to clarifying details of the Big Bang and uncovering hidden aspects of matter. They describe their work in “Simultaneous readout of 128 X-ray and gamma-ray transition-edge microcalorimeters using microwave SQUID multiplexing,” published online this month in the American Institute of Physics’ (AIP’s) Applied Physics Letters.　　To date, nuclear materials accounting, astrophysics and X-ray spectrometry applications have used time-division multiplexing to combine a maximum of 50 microcalorimeter outputs onto a single twisted pair. The biggest known array used 250 microcalorimeters but required 50 twisted-pair outputs. The new, microwave-multiplexing Spectrometer to Leverage Extensive Development of Gamma-ray transition-Edge sensors for Huge Arrays using Microwave Multiplexed Enabled Readout (Sledgehammer) is capable of multiplexing 1,000 microcalorimeters onto a single coax pair, according to the researchers, although so far they have demonstrated only 128 microcalorimeters on a single pair of coax cables.　　The researchers used supercooled resonators regulated by radio-frequency SQUIDs to put a slightly different frequency for each microcalorimeter onto the coax pair. The team plans versions of the new instrument for measuring gamma-ray emissions from fissile materials, such as plutonium; high-energy X-rays; and background cosmic radiation. Current work aims at building a 1,000-microcalorimeter version of the 128-channel Sledgehammer.　　Estimates are that terrorists would need to obtain only 8 to 10 kg of plutonium—an amount about the size of a softball—to construct a “suitcase” atomic bomb. Thus, the new array detectors are badly needed to improve the accuracy of accounting for inventories of plutonium at storage facilities.　　In nondefense applications, astrophysicists could tune the array detectors to measure fluctuations in the polarization of cosmic background radiation more accurately in a bid to explain the inflationary epoch left over from the Big Bang. Likewise, the U.S. Department of Energy could more accurately measure high-energy X-ray sources, such as the Stanford Linear Accelerator Center’s (SLAC’s) free-electron laser, to reveal subtle properties of matter that remain masked today. The DOE’s Nuclear Energy University Program, NIST’s Innovations in Measurement Science, the NASA’s Astrophysics Research Program Agency, and the DOE's Basic Energy Sciences Advanced Detector Research program provided funding and other resources for the research.

Key word：

NIST,SQUIDs ,Nukes

Release time：2017-08-18 00:00 reading：1197 Continue reading>>

<span style='color:red'>NIST</span> Backs Quantum-level Temperature Measurement

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NIST Backs Quantum-level Temperature Measurement

　　Forget Kelvin, Fahrenheit, and Celsius, not to mention centigrade. The quantum-level accuracy of a temperature measurement unit called the SI (Système International d'unités, or International System of Units), the newest addition to the metric system, will obsolete the old Newtonian mechanics K, F, and C by 2019, according to the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, Boulder, Colo.), which has developed a solid-state apparatus for measuring temperature in SI using the Boltzmann constant.　　The shift to the SI standard should be especially helpful to electronics engineers seeking to measure hot spots on a die, increasing the accuracy of their measurements as well as speeding up the process. The Kelvin, for instance, can only be measured down to a parts per million with expensive traditional instruments, whereas the SI is hoped to spur inexpensive electronic instruments that can measure down to parts per billion.　　Temperature is a tricky unit to measure, since it depends on the material used and becomes less accurate as you get further away from its “central” degrees unit: 273.15 K = 32?F = .01?C. Today that central unit is standardized as the point at which water freezes, but that metric is fraught with inaccuracies, stemming from impurities in the water and the inevitable presence of an undetermined amount of “heavy water” (H2O with a neutron attached) in a given sample. Today, engineers must take into account the type of material as well as the temperature in order to compensate for the inaccuracies of using traditional instruments and units to measure heat.　　The SI unit sidesteps these inaccuracies by using quantum measurements of the motion of electrons (Johnson noise) in the sample, thus standardizing on an easily obtainable quantum measurement of the Boltzmann constant (the average kinetic energy of particles). Every laboratory worldwide aims to begin using SI for quantum-accurate temperature measurements within the next two years.　　NIST’s inexpensive apparatus depends on a quantum voltage noise source (QVNS) that basically measures the voltage noise from electrons rattling around in a resistor. The apparatus provides a rock-solid reference measurement of the Boltzmann constant which can then be used to determine the SI temperature of any substance.　　The SI unit is the result of a worldwide effort. NIST is just supplying the prototype of a simple QVNS reference measurement of the Boltzmann constant, as it has done for other inexpensive methodologies, materials, and laboratory instruments that it has developed over the years for accurately calibrating virtually every unit of measurement used worldwide.　　Representatives from around the world will vote on whether to redefine the temperature standard as the SI unit in November 2018 at the General Conference on Weights and Measures in Versailles, France. There is little doubt that the SI will replace the Kelvin as the international standard of temperature, but NIST is not waiting for the vote and is making its apparatus details available now.　　“After the Boltzmann constant is defined, a successful Johnson noise thermometry [JNT] system will allow sub-50-parts-per-million measurements of temperature over a range of 100 K to 1,000 K using a rack-mountable system. Since this system is based on the definition of the Boltzmann constant and quantum phenomena, it would be self-calibrating. The other requirement for a successful JNT system would be disseminating it to other users outside of NIST,” institute researcher Nathan Flowers-Jacobs told EE Times in an exclusive interview.　　“Shrinking the Johnson noise thermometry system, removing the need for liquid cryogens, and making it user-friendly are going to be a multiyear program. Therefore, we hope that it will begin to be used outside of NIST within five years,” Flowers-Jacobs said.　　NIST scientist Horst Rogalla was leader of the Johnson noise thermometry project. The National Institute of Metrology in China also contributed to the work.

Key word：

NIST,Temperature

Release time：2017-07-04 00:00 reading：1262 Continue reading>>

model	brand	Quote
BD71847AMWV-E2	ROHM Semiconductor
TL431ACLPR	Texas Instruments
MC33074DR2G	onsemi
CDZVT2R20B	ROHM Semiconductor
RB751G-40T2R	ROHM Semiconductor

model	brand	To snap up
ESR03EZPJ151	ROHM Semiconductor
BU33JA2MNVX-CTL	ROHM Semiconductor
BP3621	ROHM Semiconductor
IPZ40N04S5L4R8ATMA1	Infineon Technologies
TPS63050YFFR	Texas Instruments
STM32F429IGT6	STMicroelectronics

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